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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
11:34

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: April 11, 2025

Inverse relationship between dendritic cell CCR9 expression and maturation state.

Maureen L Drakes1, Patrick J Stiff, Thomas G Blanchard

  • 1Department of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.

Immunology
|July 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Chemokine receptor CCR9 (C-C chemokine receptor type 9) expression on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) correlates with their activation state. High CCR9 expression indicates less mature DCs, while low expression suggests more mature DCs.

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Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
06:09

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Published on: June 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chemokine receptor CCR9 (C-C chemokine receptor type 9) directs T cell migration to the intestine.
  • CCR9 is found on various cells, but its role on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) is not well understood.
  • Dendritic cell (DC) maturation involves changes in surface markers and impacts immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and functional implications of CCR9 on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs).
  • To analyze the relationship between CCR9 expression and DC maturation.
  • To determine how CCR9 expression on DCs affects their ability to activate T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Bone marrow-derived DCs were cultured and exposed to microbial stimuli.
  • CCR9 expression levels on DCs were analyzed.
  • DCs were fractionated into CCR9(high) and CCR9(low) subsets.
  • The ability of each DC subset to induce proliferation in naïve CD4(+) T cells was assessed.

Main Results:

  • CCR9 expression was detected on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs).
  • Fractionation revealed distinct functional properties between CCR9(high) and CCR9(low) DC subsets.
  • DCs expressing high levels of CCR9 demonstrated a lower capacity to induce naïve CD4(+) T cell division compared to DCs expressing low levels.

Conclusions:

  • Dendritic cell (DC) CCR9 expression levels are inversely correlated with DC maturation.
  • High CCR9 expression on DCs suggests a less activated or immature state.
  • CCR9 may serve as a marker for DC activation status and influence T cell responses.