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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

Sedation and regional anesthesia.

Alain Borgeat1, José Aguirre

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. borgeat@balgrist.ch

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|July 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sedation is expanding beyond regional anesthesia, with target-controlled infusion showing promise for reduced side effects. Future trends include nurse-driven sedation and the need for improved monitoring devices and sedatives.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology and Sedation Management

Background:

  • Sedation is crucial for patient comfort during regional anesthesia.
  • Its application is rapidly expanding beyond the operating room to various hospital and external settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current trends and challenges in sedation techniques.
  • To highlight advancements and future directions in patient sedation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on sedation methods.
  • Analysis of target-controlled infusion, propofol-remifentanil combination, and dexmedetomidine.
  • Discussion of nurse-driven sedation models.

Main Results:

  • Target-controlled infusion offers advantages with lower side effects and reduced drug dosage.
  • Propofol and remifentanil combination (analgosedation) is increasingly utilized with proven benefits.
  • Dexmedetomidine requires further investigation; current monitoring devices lack proven reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Sedation's growth presents challenges, with non-anesthesiologists likely performing more procedures.
  • Development of educational programs for non-anesthesiologists is essential.
  • There is a need for reliable monitoring devices and novel sedatives with improved pharmacokinetics.