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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
07:12

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Published on: January 21, 2020

PPAR and Pain.

Takehiko Maeda1, Shiroh Kishioka

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.

International Review of Neurobiology
|July 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) ligands reduce pain by targeting neuroinflammation. These ligands offer potential therapeutic benefits for inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors regulating lipid metabolism and are targeted by drugs for diabetes and hyperlipidemia.
  • PPARs are implicated in modulating neuroinflammation, a key factor in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases.
  • Neuroinflammation underlies chronic pain conditions like neuropathic and inflammatory pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of PPAR ligands as therapeutic agents for inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which PPAR ligands exert analgesic effects in pain models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized experimental models of neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases to study PPAR ligand effects.
  • Examined the impact of PPAR ligands on the expression of inflammatory mediators.

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Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
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Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

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Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
07:12

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Published on: January 21, 2020

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

  • Investigated mechanisms including ligand-dependent transrepression and ion channel activity inhibition.

    • Main Results:

    • PPAR ligands demonstrated antineuroinflammatory activity in animal models.
    • Administration of PPAR ligands reduced inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
    • PPAR ligands were found to repress inflammatory gene expression and inhibit ion channel activity.

    Conclusions:

    • PPAR ligands show promise for treating human inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
    • The analgesic effects are mediated through both transcriptional regulation and direct ion channel modulation.
    • Targeting PPARs represents a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic pain management.