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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction while...
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.

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Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice
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GnRH pulsatility, the pituitary response and reproductive dysfunction.

Rie Tsutsumi1, Nicholas J G Webster

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.

Endocrine Journal
|July 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatility is crucial for reproductive function and fertility. Disruptions in GnRH pulsatility are linked to various reproductive disorders, yet molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

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Published on: February 23, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Molecular Endocrinology

Background:

  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates reproductive function through pulsatile and surge secretion patterns.
  • GnRH pulsatility is vital for sexual development, menstrual cycle regulation, and fertility.
  • Disruptions in GnRH pulsatility are associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on GnRH pulsatility.
  • To explore the signaling and transcriptional regulation of GnRH pulsatility.
  • To discuss the implications of GnRH pulsatility in reproductive diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on GnRH pulsatility.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in GnRH regulation.
  • Examination of transcriptional responses related to GnRH secretion.

Main Results:

  • GnRH pulsatility is essential for normal reproductive processes.
  • Inhibitions in GnRH pulsatility negatively impact fertility.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying GnRH pulsatile regulation require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding GnRH pulsatility is key to addressing reproductive disorders.
  • Further research into GnRH signaling and transcriptional control is warranted.
  • Elucidating these mechanisms can lead to improved disease management.