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Related Concept Videos

Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry01:23

Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry

Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...
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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
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Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes
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Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

Published on: September 12, 2018

Iodoxolone-based hypervalent iodine reagents.

Azhar-ul-Haq A Shah1, Zulfiqar A Khan, Naila Choudhary

  • 1School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.

Organic Letters
|July 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simple (Z)-3-iodo acrylic acid derivatives offer fast access to hypervalent iodine(III) reagents. These novel reagents demonstrate comparable or superior reactivity in various chemical reactions.

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12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Hypervalent iodine(III) reagents are valuable in organic synthesis.
  • Developing efficient synthetic routes to these reagents is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a fast method for synthesizing (Z)-3-iodo acrylic acid derivatives.
  • To demonstrate the utility of these derivatives as precursors to hypervalent iodine(III) reagents.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of (Z)-3-iodo acrylic acid derivatives.
  • Oxidation of derivatives to hypervalent iodine(III) reagents.
  • Evaluation of reactivity in various chemical transformations.

Main Results:

  • Successful and rapid synthesis of the target acrylic acid derivatives.
  • These derivatives are readily oxidized to hypervalent iodine(III) reagents.
  • The derived reagents exhibit high reactivity, comparable or superior to existing ones.

Conclusions:

  • A facile synthetic route to novel hypervalent iodine(III) precursors is established.
  • The developed reagents provide an effective alternative for various organic reactions.
  • This work expands the toolkit for utilizing hypervalent iodine chemistry.