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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Blood Transfusion01:15

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that saves lives and treats various medical conditions. It involves transferring blood from a donor to a recipient. This process requires a thorough understanding of the ABO blood group system and its associated antigens and antibodies.
Blood Transfusion Overview
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure used to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or to treat conditions such as anemia or cancer. During a transfusion, donor blood is...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Transmission of Pathogens01:24

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection.

Daniel Candotti1, Jean-Pierre Allain

  • 1National Health Service Blood & Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK. dc241@cam.ac.uk

Journal of Hepatology
|July 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transfusion risk is reduced by sensitive HBsAg tests, anti-HBc screening, and HBV nucleic acid testing (NAT). NAT detects occult HBV infections and shortens the window period, enhancing blood safety.

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology
  • Blood Transfusion Safety

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a significant transfusion risk due to the pre-seroconversion window period, immunovariant strains, and occult HBV infection (OBI).
  • Reducing residual HBV risk necessitates improved diagnostic methods and screening strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate strategies for reducing transfusion-transmitted HBV infections.
  • To highlight the role of sensitive HBsAg tests, anti-HBc screening, and HBV nucleic acid testing (NAT) in mitigating HBV residual risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical observations and recent data on HBV transmission dynamics.
  • Analysis of the efficacy of different testing modalities including HBV NAT (minipool and individual testing).
  • Consideration of host immune status and viral factors in HBV transmission.

Main Results:

  • HBV NAT significantly reduces the window period and detects occult HBV carriage.
  • Occult HBV infections have a lower transmission rate than window period infections, possibly due to lower viral loads or mutants.
  • Blood units with anti-HBc but no detectable anti-HBs are moderately infectious, especially in immunocompromised recipients.

Conclusions:

  • Implementing sensitive HBsAg tests, appropriate anti-HBc screening, and HBV NAT are crucial for reducing transfusion-transmitted HBV.
  • Recipient immune status is a critical factor in post-transfusion HBV infection.
  • Comprehensive investigation involving donor-recipient molecular analysis is essential for confirming transfusion transmission.