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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
The inter-tester reliability of humeral head position in junior swimmers
Leanda McKenna1, Leon Straker, Anne Smith
1Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, School of Physiotherapy, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. l.mckenna@curtin.edu.au
Objectives:
To determine the inter-tester reliability of a clinical measure of humeral head position.
Design:
Same day repeated measures inter-tester reliability study.
Setting:
2 Western Australian Aquatic Centres.
Participants:
15 Junior elite swimmers were measured by 3 investigators.
Main Outcome Measures:
The distance between the most anterior part of the humeral head and the anterior acromion was measured with shoulder in neutral position and hands on hips position.
Results:
The humeral head SEMs ranged from 2.4 to 3.2 mm. ICCs were 0.60-0.68 in the hands on hips position and 0.49 in the neutral position. Significant differences existed between testers for some humeral head measures.
Conclusions:
Humeral head in the hands on hips position measure appears to be a clinically useful tool in assessment of the shoulder in young athletes.
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