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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Supination-external rotation ankle fractures: stability a key issue.

Nikolaos Gougoulias¹, Anil Khanna, Anthony Sakellariou

¹Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, UK.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

|July 21, 2009

Summary

Fracture stability significantly impacts ankle outcomes. Unstable supination-external rotation ankle fractures show higher osteoarthritis rates and complications, affecting long-term function.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Traumatology
Radiology

Background:

Supination-external rotation ankle fractures present challenges in achieving stability.
The impact of fracture stability on functional outcomes and osteoarthritis development remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the literature on supination-external rotation ankle fractures.
To evaluate the relationship between fracture stability, functional outcomes, and radiographic osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of 11 Level IV clinical studies.
Studies included at least 10 ankles with a minimum 1-year follow-up.
Modified Coleman Methodology Score used for quality assessment.

Main Results:

Stable fractures treated nonoperatively had a 2.8% rate of osteoarthritis.
Unstable fractures treated operatively had a 20.9% osteoarthritis rate; nonoperatively, 65.5%.
Complication rate for operative treatment was 10.4%.

Conclusions:

Fracture stability is crucial for managing supination-external rotation ankle injuries.
Nonoperative treatment of stable fractures yields good functional outcomes with low osteoarthritis risk.
Unstable fractures, regardless of treatment, have a higher risk of osteoarthritis and complications.