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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Pancreas

Pancreas

The pancreas, an essential organ in the human body, is a pinkish-gray elongated structure located posterior to the stomach. It extends laterally from the duodenum towards the spleen and is firmly bound to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The organ's surface has a lumpy, lobular texture that gives it a unique appearance.
The broad head of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum, while its slender body reaches towards the spleen. The tail of the pancreas is short and...

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Application of End-to-end Anastomosis in Robotic Central Pancreatectomy

Application of End-to-end Anastomosis in Robotic Central Pancreatectomy

Published on: June 2, 2018

Annular pancreas in adults.

Kumaresan Sandrasegaran¹, Aashish Patel, Evan L Fogel

¹Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 550 N University Blvd., UH 0279, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. ksandras@iupui.edu

AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology

|July 22, 2009

Summary

Annular pancreas in adults can be diagnosed even without a complete ring of pancreatic tissue. A "crocodile jaw" appearance on imaging is a key indicator for this condition.

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Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

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Published on: August 7, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Application of End-to-end Anastomosis in Robotic Central Pancreatectomy

Application of End-to-end Anastomosis in Robotic Central Pancreatectomy

Published on: June 2, 2018

Application of Mid-Pancreatectomy with End-to-End Anastomosis in Pancreatic Benign Tumors

Application of Mid-Pancreatectomy with End-to-End Anastomosis in Pancreatic Benign Tumors

Published on: February 9, 2024

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

Published on: August 7, 2015

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Radiology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Annular pancreas is a congenital anomaly where pancreatic tissue encircles the second part of the duodenum.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for managing potential complications like gastric outlet obstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

To review computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings of annular pancreas in adults.
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of imaging findings, particularly the degree of duodenal encirclement.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 42 adult patients with annular pancreas undergoing CT, MRI, or ERCP.
Image analysis by two radiologists focusing on pancreatic shape, ductal anatomy, and duodenal encirclement.
Comparison with 30 control patients without annular pancreas.

Main Results:

37.5% of annular pancreas cases detected by CT/MRI lacked a complete duodenal ring.
Posterolateral pancreatic tissue showed high sensitivity (92%) and specificity (100%) for annular pancreas.
High rates of pancreas divisum (37%) and chronic pancreatitis (48%) were observed.

Conclusions:

Diagnosis of annular pancreas is possible without a complete ring of pancreatic tissue.
A 'crocodile jaw' configuration on imaging is suggestive of annular pancreas.