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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
04:34

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Published on: May 26, 2023

Paraneoplastic extra limbic encephalitis associated with thymoma.

Giovanna Rizzardi1, Andrea Campione, Paolo Scanagatta

  • 1Thoracic Surgery Unit, S. Croce Hospital, Cuneo, Italy. giovanna.rizzardi@libero.it

Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
|July 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A woman with thymoma experienced neurological symptoms like seizures and aphasia due to encephalitis. Surgical removal of the thymoma led to symptom remission and reduced brain lesions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
04:34

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thymoma, a tumor of the thymus gland, can rarely be associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
  • Extralimbic encephalitis presents with diverse neurological symptoms and characteristic brain lesions on MRI.

Observation:

  • A 55-year-old woman presented with seizures and aphasia, indicative of encephalitis.
  • Brain MRI revealed multiple cortical and subcortical lesions in the insular, parietal, and temporal lobes.
  • Thoracic CT scan identified an anterior mediastinal mass, suspicious for thymoma.

Findings:

  • Brain biopsy confirmed encephalitis.
  • Surgical resection of the thymoma (thymectomy) was performed via median sternotomy.
  • Post-thymectomy, a reduction in cerebral lesions and complete remission of neurological symptoms were observed.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential paraneoplastic link between thymoma and extralimbic encephalitis.
  • Early diagnosis and surgical intervention for thymoma may lead to favorable neurological outcomes.
  • It underscores the importance of investigating mediastinal masses in patients with unexplained neurological disorders.