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Evolution and manipulation of parasitoid egg load.

Sylvain Gandon1, Julien Varaldi, Frédéric Fleury

  • 1Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. sylvain.gandon@cefe.cnrs.fr

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|July 24, 2009
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Summary

Female parasitoids face a trade-off between egg production and lifespan. This study models how host dynamics and viral infections influence their evolutionarily stable egg load, revealing potential manipulation by viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Insect ecology
  • Population dynamics

Background:

  • Proovigenic parasitoids, like Leptopilina boulardi, have a finite egg supply at emergence, risking depletion.
  • The evolutionarily stable egg load is a critical factor influenced by egg production costs and lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the evolution of egg load in parasitoids considering host-parasitoid dynamics.
  • To investigate viral manipulation of parasitoid egg load strategies and oviposition behavior.
  • To explain why virus-infected females may have higher egg loads.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical model for solitary, proovigenic parasitoid evolution and population dynamics.
  • Incorporated host-parasitoid interactions and the impact of the LbFV virus on egg load.
  • Modeled virus-induced superparasitism and its effect on parasitoid egg load evolution.

Main Results:

  • Host-parasitoid dynamics significantly influence the evolution of parasitoid egg load.
  • The LbFV virus can alter parasitoid egg load strategies and promote superparasitism.
  • Two hypotheses are proposed for increased egg loads in infected females: plastic response or viral manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Viral infection presents a novel factor in the evolution of parasitoid reproductive strategies.
  • Further research is needed to differentiate between plastic responses and viral manipulation.
  • The study provides a framework for analyzing reproductive strategy evolution in parasitoids.