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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents
Published on: December 2, 2015
Late-life depression, cortisol, and the metabolic syndrome
Nicole Vogelzangs1, Aartjan T F Beekman, Miranda G Dik
1Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, A J Ernststraat 887, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. n.vogelzangs@ggzingeest.nl
Objectives:
High-cortisol levels in depressed persons could possibly give rise to the metabolic syndrome. This study investigated cross-sectionally whether depression and high-cortisol levels increased the odds of metabolic syndrome in an older community-based sample.
Methods:
In 1,212 participants, aged > or =65 years, enrolled in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, depression (major [1-month diagnosis] or subthreshold [no 1-month diagnosis, but symptoms]), metabolic syndrome (modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria), and free cortisol index (total serum cortisol/cortisol binding globulin) were assessed.
Results:
Major depression was not associated with the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54-2.49), but subthreshold depression was associated with a decreased odds (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.37-0.82). Persons with higher levels of free cortisol index showed a higher odds of metabolic syndrome (OR per standard deviation increase = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.06-1.39).
Conclusions:
As persons with high-cortisol levels more often had metabolic syndrome, hypercortisolemia within depressed persons may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome.
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