Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Pneumonia IV: Management01:28

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Lessons learnt during establishment of COVID-19 active vaccine safety surveillance in nine African countries.

Vaccine·2025
Same author

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women and cord blood hepatitis B surface antigen positive newborns in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology·2025
Same author

Whole genome sequencing reveals virulence-mobile element linkages and phylogenetic diversity in multidrug-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Nigeria.

Frontiers in microbiology·2025
Same author

Sero-epidemiology of measles immunoglobulin G antibodies among newborns from South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: an observational, multicenter study.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2025
Same author

The R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine: questions remain.

Lancet (London, England)·2025
Same author

Increased memory phenotypes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in children with sickle cell anaemia in Tanzania.

Tanzania journal of health research·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for developing countries.

Stephen Obaro1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. stephen.obaro@hc.msu.edu

Expert Review of Vaccines
|July 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Protein conjugate vaccines have reduced invasive pneumococcal disease in developed nations. However, lack of awareness and surveillance in developing countries hinders vaccination for high-risk children, necessitating urgent evaluation and data generation.

More Related Videos

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
13:53

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
13:53

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) pose a significant global health burden, particularly in developing countries.
  • Protein conjugate vaccines have drastically improved IPD outcomes in developed nations, but access remains limited in resource-poor settings.
  • A critical gap exists in recognizing IPD as a major health problem in many developing countries, impeding vaccine program implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the disparity in IPD burden and vaccination coverage between developed and developing countries.
  • To address the lack of awareness and data regarding IPD in low-resource settings.
  • To propose using pneumococcal vaccines as a tool to define the disease burden and advocate for necessary health infrastructure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IPD epidemiology and vaccine impact.
  • Analysis of challenges in vaccine program implementation in developing countries.
  • Discussion of the role of disease surveillance in promoting immunization programs and local ownership.

Main Results:

  • IPD remains a leading cause of child mortality globally, with disproportionately high rates in developing countries.
  • Limited disease surveillance and fractured immunization programs hinder vaccine delivery and acceptance in high-risk regions.
  • Subsidized vaccine pricing is insufficient without addressing the fundamental lack of awareness and infrastructure.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent evaluation is needed to ascertain the true burden of IPD in developing countries.
  • Investment in robust disease surveillance systems is crucial for successful vaccine-preventable disease programs.
  • Establishing local data and ownership is key to overcoming barriers to pneumococcal vaccine introduction and acceptance.