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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Analgesia and Pain Management

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...

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Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

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Pain control in local analgesia.

¹Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. J.G.Meechan@ncl.ac.uk

European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry : Official Journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry

|July 25, 2009

Summary

This review details factors dentists can control to minimize discomfort during local analgesia (LA) administration in children. Strategies focus on equipment, patient anxiety, and technique for safer, more comfortable dental procedures.

Area of Science:

Pediatric Dentistry
Pain Management
Local Anesthesia

Background:

Administering local analgesia (LA) to children presents unique challenges.
Managing pain and anxiety is crucial for positive dental experiences.

Purpose of the Study:

To review factors influencing the administration of LA in pediatric patients.
To identify strategies for reducing injection discomfort in children.

Main Methods:

A review of controllable aspects for dentists during LA administration.
Analysis of equipment factors (needles, syringes, cartridges).
Consideration of patient factors (anxiety, pain expectations, injection site).

Main Results:

Dentist-controlled factors significantly impact LA-induced discomfort.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Published on: June 23, 2023

Appropriate technique and equipment selection are key.

Addressing child anxiety and pain perception is essential for successful LA.

Conclusions:

Dentists can actively reduce discomfort associated with LA in children.
Understanding safe LA dosages is vital to prevent adverse reactions.
Optimizing LA administration improves pediatric dental care outcomes.