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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
07:52

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

Published on: September 18, 2020

Neuromuscular control and ankle instability.

Gregory M Gutierrez1, Thomas W Kaminski, Al T Douex

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA. gmgutierrez@nyu.edu

PM & R : the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
|July 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Open-loop neuromuscular control, or anticipatory actions, may be key for ankle stability after lateral ankle sprains (LAS). Rehabilitation should incorporate perturbation activities to enhance these mechanisms, potentially reducing chronic ankle instability (AI).

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08:12

Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control

Published on: September 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neuromuscular Control
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) frequently lead to chronic ankle instability (AI), characterized by pain and impaired function.
  • Current theories on AI often cite articular deafferentation affecting neuromuscular control, but this is increasingly debated.
  • The specific neuromuscular mechanisms driving AI development remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on neuromuscular control in healthy individuals and those with AI.
  • To explore the roles of open-loop (anticipatory) and closed-loop (reflexive) neuromuscular control in joint stability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing research on neuromuscular control and ankle instability.
  • Analysis of theories regarding proprioception and joint stabilization mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Open-loop neuromuscular control appears more critical for dynamic joint stability than closed-loop systems reliant on proprioception.
  • Perturbation-based exercises may enhance open-loop control mechanisms relevant to AI rehabilitation.

Conclusions:

  • Future research should investigate dynamic perturbations in individuals with and without AI history.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform interventions to reduce LAS incidence and severity.
  • Rehabilitation strategies may benefit from incorporating exercises that challenge anticipatory neuromuscular control.