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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay
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Published on: September 2, 2014

TERRA: telomeric repeat-containing RNA.

Brian Luke1, Joachim Lingner

  • 1EPFL-Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISREC-Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.

The EMBO Journal
|July 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is a non-coding RNA found at chromosome ends. Dysregulation of TERRA impacts telomere length and function, revealing its crucial role in genome stability.

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Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Telomeres protect chromosome ends but their function is complex.
  • Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is a newly identified non-coding RNA component of telomeres.
  • TERRA's role in telomere regulation and heterochromatin is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function and regulation of TERRA at telomeres.
  • To understand TERRA's role in telomere maintenance and genome stability.
  • To explore the implications of TERRA dysregulation in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TERRA transcription and localization.
  • Investigating TERRA's interaction with telomeric proteins and chromatin.
  • Studying the effects of TERRA modulation on telomere length and replication.

Main Results:

  • TERRA is transcribed from telomeres and integrates into telomeric heterochromatin.
  • TERRA levels are regulated by RNA surveillance and telomere length.
  • TERRA accumulation can impair telomere replication, leading to telomere loss, particularly in conditions like ICF syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • TERRA plays critical roles in telomere regulation, chromatin remodeling, and genome stability.
  • TERRA's functions extend beyond a transcriptionally silent region, impacting development and differentiation.
  • TERRA dysregulation is linked to telomere instability and potentially disease phenotypes.