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Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients
07:34

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Published on: August 22, 2018

Empirical and theoretical phenotypic discrimination.

K E Brummel-Ziedins1, T Orfeo, F R Rosendaal

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA. Kathleen.brummel@uvm.edu

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH
|July 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method to assess thrombin generation, aiding in the prediction of bleeding or clotting risks. It reveals that compensatory mechanisms and specific factor patterns significantly influence an individual's hemostatic phenotype.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Hematology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Thrombin generation is a critical process in hemostasis.
  • Understanding individual thrombin phenotypes is crucial for predicting bleeding or clotting disorders.
  • Current assessment methods may not fully capture the complexity of hemostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated approach combining empirical and computational methods to define an individual's thrombin phenotype.
  • To establish criteria for assessing an individual's propensity for hemorrhage or thrombosis.
  • To investigate the influence of coagulation protein interactions on thrombin generation.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated approach combining empirical and computational methodologies.
  • Evaluation of thrombin generation in healthy individuals and patients with defined pathologies.
  • Analysis of coagulation factor expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Identified compensatory mechanisms by other coagulation proteins that can normalize thrombin generation in factor-deficient individuals.
  • Observed that individuals with normal factor levels can exhibit thrombin generation profiles associated with hemostatic complications.
  • Demonstrated that specific patterns of a few coagulation factors can explain phenotypes in certain hemostatic disorders.

Conclusions:

  • An individual's thrombin phenotype is complex and influenced by interactions among coagulation proteins.
  • The developed integrated approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of hemostatic risk assessment.
  • Further research into factor interactions can refine the diagnosis and management of bleeding and clotting disorders.