Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

Modeling with Differential Equations

Modeling with Differential Equations

Population dynamics can be described mathematically by considering the population size P(t) as a function of time. The rate of change of the population is then represented by the derivative of P(t). A simple assumption is that the rate of growth is proportional to the size of the population itself. This leads to an exponential growth model, where the population increases rapidly without bound. While this is a useful first approximation, it does not reflect realistic long-term...

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model

Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model

The link model is a fundamental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) approach to account for delayed drug responses when the observed effect does not immediately correlate with the drug's plasma concentration peak. This delay is mathematically addressed by introducing an effect compartment concentration, Ce, which is kinetically linked to the plasma concentration, Cp, via a first-order rate constant, ke0. The linkage allows for a more accurate prediction of drug effects over time. A higher...

Pharmacodynamic Models: Linear Concentration–Effect Model

Pharmacodynamic Models: Linear Concentration–Effect Model

The linear concentration–effect model, underpinned by the principle that pharmacological effect (E) is directly proportional to plasma drug concentration (C), emerges as a pivotal simplification of the Emax model for conditions where C is significantly less than EC50. This model portrays a linear trajectory of the concentration–effect relationship when drug levels are markedly below the EC50 threshold.Despite its inherent assumption of continuous effect augmentation with increasing drug...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Heat stress and bleaching in corals: a bioenergetic model.

Coral reefs (Online)·2024

Same author

Environmental Risk Assessment of Time-Variable Toxicant Exposure with Toxicokinetic-Toxicodynamic Modeling of Sublethal Endpoints and Moving Time Windows: A Case Study with Ceriodaphnia dubia.

Environmental toxicology and chemistry·2024

Same author

First-passage-time statistics of growing microbial populations carry an imprint of initial conditions.

Scientific reports·2023

Same author

Connecting Suborganismal Data to Bioenergetic Processes: Killifish Embryos Exposed to a Dioxin-Like Compound.

Environmental toxicology and chemistry·2023

Same author

Analysis of a mechanistic model of corals in association with multiple symbionts: within-host competition and recovery from bleaching.

Conservation physiology·2022

Same author

Dynamic Energy Budget models: fertile ground for understanding resource allocation in plants in a changing world.

Conservation physiology·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Sublethal toxicant effects with dynamic energy budget theory: model formulation.

Erik B Muller¹, Roger M Nisbet, Heather A Berkley

¹Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. muller@lifesci.ucsb.edu

Ecotoxicology (London, England)

|July 28, 2009

Summary

We developed a flexible model to assess how pollutants harm organisms by affecting energy use. A simplified model version is recommended for most studies on toxicant impacts.

More Related Videos

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Published on: July 10, 2018

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: March 24, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Published on: July 10, 2018

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Environmental toxicology
Ecological modeling
Sublethal effects of pollutants

Background:

Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models track organismal energy acquisition and expenditure.
Understanding sublethal toxicant effects is crucial for ecological risk assessment.
Existing models may not fully capture the complex ways toxicants impact physiological rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and test a general modeling framework for sublethal pollutant effects.
To integrate toxicity modules into an established DEB model.
To evaluate different assumptions about how toxicants affect feeding and maintenance rates.

Main Methods:

Developed four toxicity modules for DEB models, varying assumptions on effects on feeding and maintenance.
Tested modules by fitting them to published data on various organisms (mussels, oysters, earthworms, water fleas, zebrafish) and pollutants (metals, organic compounds).
Analyzed data on feeding, respiration, growth, and reproduction to assess model performance.

Main Results:

Most data sets were adequately described by any of the four toxicity modules.
No single module consistently provided superior fits across all tested data sets.
Module 3, assuming similar toxicant effects on feeding and maintenance, offered a good balance of generality and parsimony.

Conclusions:

The proposed DEB-based modeling framework effectively describes sublethal toxicant effects.
Module 3 is recommended as a default for many applications due to its simplicity and broad applicability.
Parameter estimates from the model can predict long-term population growth rate impacts under varying environmental conditions.