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Related Concept Videos

Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated...
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Behaviorism01:28

Behaviorism

The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses
12:18

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Postural responses explored through classical conditioning.

A D Campbell1, C J Dakin, M G Carpenter

  • 1School of Human Kinetics, Osborne Centre Unit II, 6108 Thunderbird Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.

Neuroscience
|July 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The central nervous system (CNS) can trigger postural responses (PRs) using only an auditory cue, without needing sensory feedback from balance perturbations. This demonstrates that the CNS can learn to anticipate and react to threats via conditioned responses.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses
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Published on: April 6, 2019

Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control
08:12

Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control

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A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
07:19

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Published on: March 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • The central nervous system's (CNS) reliance on sensory feedback for triggering postural responses (PRs) is debated.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of PRs is crucial for rehabilitation and injury prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the CNS requires sensory feedback from balance perturbations to initiate PRs.
  • To determine if auditory cues can be conditioned to elicit PRs in the absence of physical perturbations.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involving support-surface tilts and auditory cues were conducted with human participants.
  • Surface electromyography (EMG) recorded muscle activity, and kinematic data (shank angular accelerations) were analyzed.
  • Conditioning protocols were used to associate auditory cues with postural responses, followed by extinction trials.

Main Results:

  • An auditory cue alone, without balance perturbations, was sufficient to trigger conditioned PRs in multiple muscles.
  • Postural synergies, including muscle excitation and inhibition patterns, were observed in response to the auditory cue.
  • Conditioned PRs persisted for at least 15 minutes post-conditioning and were rapidly extinguished.

Conclusions:

  • The CNS does not require direct sensory feedback from postural perturbations to trigger PRs.
  • Auditory cues can be effectively conditioned to elicit anticipatory postural adjustments, highlighting the role of predictive mechanisms in motor control.