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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

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Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
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Published on: May 18, 2010

Two cases with progressive cystic leukoencephalopathy.

Z Yapici1, G Benbir, S Saltik

  • 1Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Neuropediatrics
|July 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric leukoencephalopathies with white matter cystic changes are diverse. This study presents two cases of progressive cystic leukoencephalopathy, identified through serial MRI and spectroscopy, mimicking progressive cavitating leukoencephalopathy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Leukoencephalopathies with white matter cystic changes are heterogeneous pediatric neurological disorders.
  • White matter lesions progressing to multifocal cystic degeneration are seen in various conditions, including mitochondrial disorders, leukodystrophies, and infections.

Observation:

  • Two pediatric patients presented with leukoencephalopathy characterized by progressive cystic changes on serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in these patients resembled those seen in progressive cavitating leukoencephalopathy.

Findings:

  • The observed progressive cystic changes on serial MRI and characteristic spectroscopy findings suggest a specific pattern of leukoencephalopathy in these cases.
  • The clinical and imaging presentation mimicked progressive cavitating leukoencephalopathy, highlighting diagnostic considerations.

Implications:

  • This report expands the understanding of rare pediatric leukoencephalopathies with cystic changes.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific etiology and long-term outcomes of this presentation.
  • Accurate diagnosis through advanced neuroimaging techniques like MRI and spectroscopy is crucial for managing these complex neurological disorders.