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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Biceps tendon injuries in athletes.

Zinon T Kokkalis¹, Dean G Sotereanos

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, 1307 Federal Street, 2nd Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.

|August 1, 2009

Summary

Athletes in strength sports may tear their distal biceps tendon. Early surgical repair to the bicipital tuberosity is recommended for optimal outcomes in these competitive athletes.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

Distal biceps tendon ruptures are uncommon injuries.
Athletes participating in strength training and contact sports are at higher risk.
These injuries often require surgical intervention for athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the causes and mechanisms of distal biceps tendon ruptures.
To review diagnostic methods and indications for surgery.
To analyze treatment strategies, surgical techniques, and outcomes for athletes.

Main Methods:

Review of etiology and pathophysiology.
Discussion of diagnostic modalities.
Analysis of surgical techniques and outcomes.

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Murine Hind Limb Explant Model for Studying the Mechanobiology of Achilles Tendon Impingement

Murine Hind Limb Explant Model for Studying the Mechanobiology of Achilles Tendon Impingement

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

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Murine Hind Limb Explant Model for Studying the Mechanobiology of Achilles Tendon Impingement

Murine Hind Limb Explant Model for Studying the Mechanobiology of Achilles Tendon Impingement

Published on: December 8, 2023

Main Results:

Complete distal biceps tendon ruptures in athletes are best treated surgically.
Anatomic reinsertion to the bicipital tuberosity is key.
Early repair offers favorable outcomes.

Conclusions:

Surgical repair is the primary treatment for complete distal biceps tendon ruptures in athletes.
Understanding the injury's specifics guides effective treatment.
Reviewing surgical options and potential complications aids clinical decision-making.