Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inverted Potentials Enhance Electron Bifurcation Efficiency Prior to Steady State.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026
Same author

The Properties of Current Induced Chiral Phonons Recapitulate the Characteristics of the CISS Effect.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026
Same author

Designing multi-site charge-bifurcation networks in <i>de novo</i> proteins: a kinetic, statistical, and machine-learning approach.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Theories of Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity: A Pedagogical Overview.

Annual review of physical chemistry·2026
Same author

Label-free optical detection of protein acetylation using UV-vis charge transfer spectra.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Correction: A theoretical framework to understand high electron mobilities in cable bacteria.

Chemical science·2026
Same journal

High-Performance CH-Series Non-Fullerene Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Design Principles for Negative Thermal Expansion in Two-Dimensional Materials.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Main Group Redox Catalysis: New Frontiers with Germanium and Tin.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Taming Irreversibility in sp<sup>2</sup>-Carbon-Conjugated COFs from Polycrystalline Powders to Single Crystals and Thin Films.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Electroactive Imidazolium Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Calix[4]resorcinarene-Based Porous Organic Cages: Synthesis and Applications.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
10:44

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: January 31, 2025

Steering electrons on moving pathways.

David N Beratan1, Spiros S Skourtis, Ilya A Balabin

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. david.beratan@duke.edu

Accounts of Chemical Research
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron transfer (ET) reactions in macromolecules are influenced by molecular structure and dynamics. Understanding these factors is key to deciphering biological energy transfer and developing new nanomaterials.

More Related Videos

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
09:00

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Published on: April 16, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
10:44

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: January 31, 2025

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
09:00

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Published on: April 16, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Interdisciplinary science spanning chemistry, biochemistry, and physics.
  • Focus on electron transfer (ET) reactions and their role in bioenergetics.
  • Exploration of molecular dynamics and quantum effects in biological systems.

Background:

  • Electron transfer reactions are fundamental to biological energy processes.
  • Static molecular models fail to capture the dynamic nature of ET molecules.
  • Structural fluctuations significantly impact ET kinetics due to tunneling decay and pathway interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a vocabulary for describing how conformational ensembles and donor states influence ET kinetics in macromolecules.
  • To unravel the complexities of functional biological ET pathways within fluctuating macromolecular structures.
  • To address mechanistic and kinetic puzzles related to geometric, energetic, and dynamical effects on ET.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a conceptual framework for non-adiabatic ET, incorporating ensemble-averaged electronic coupling and Franck-Condon factors.
  • Analyzing the influence of geometric and energetic fluctuations on ET kinetics.
  • Investigating the impact of donor-state preparation (polarization, momentum) on electronic dynamics.

Main Results:

  • A framework is established to describe how conformational distributions and donor-state preparation affect ET kinetics in macromolecules.
  • Conformational and dynamical effects are shown to influence all transport regimes (tunneling, resonant transport, hopping).
  • These effects can induce switching between different ET mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding molecular dynamics and conformational ensembles is crucial for predicting and controlling ET kinetics.
  • The developed framework provides insights into biological ET pathways and has applications in chemistry and nanoscience.
  • Fluctuations and donor-state preparation play significant roles in dictating ET pathways and mechanisms.