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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome01:23

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

DefinitionIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent combinations of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndromeIts pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving disturbances in motility, sensory processing, microbial balance, barrier integrity, and gut–brain communication. These mechanisms interact to produce symptoms that vary across IBS subtypes.Altered Motility PatternsDisordered...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome III: Medical and Nursing Management01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome III: Medical and Nursing Management

Managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) involves a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and medication.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats
08:19

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2017

Neurogenic colorectal and pelvic floor dysfunction.

Klaus Krogh1, Peter Christensen

  • 1Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology V, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. klaukrog@rm.dk

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with neurological disorders like spinal cord injury experience common bowel issues. Evidence for treatments is scarce, but trans-anal irrigation or surgery may help severe cases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats
08:19

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Constipation and fecal incontinence are prevalent in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), myelomeningocele (MMC), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and stroke.
  • These conditions arise from complex neurological and physiological dysfunctions affecting bowel control.
  • Current evidence supporting common conservative treatments for these patient groups is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of constipation and fecal incontinence in central neurological disorders.
  • To evaluate the existing evidence for various treatment modalities.
  • To provide recommendations for managing severe cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on bowel dysfunction in SCI, MMC, MS, PD, and stroke.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms underlying fecal incontinence and constipation in these conditions.
  • Assessment of the evidence base for conservative and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Faecal incontinence in SCI, MMC, and MS is linked to abnormal rectal compliance, reflexes, and sphincter control.
  • Constipation in these conditions may result from immobility, altered colonic function, or medication side effects.
  • In Parkinson's disease, external anal sphincter dystonia and enteric nervous system changes contribute to evacuation difficulties and constipation.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant lack of evidence for conservative bowel management strategies in patients with central neurological disorders.
  • For severe, refractory symptoms, advanced interventions such as trans-anal irrigation, Malone appendicostomy, or colostomy may be necessary.
  • Further research is crucial to establish effective evidence-based treatments for neurogenic bowel dysfunction.