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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. Activation...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

MCH receptors/gene structure-in vivo expression.

Shinjae Chung1, Yumiko Saito, Olivier Civelli

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, USA.

Peptides
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) research advanced significantly with the discovery of its receptor (MCHR). This breakthrough revealed MCH

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a conserved peptide hormone.
  • Originally identified in fish for skin lightening via melanosome aggregation.
  • MCH gene is overexpressed in rodents during fasting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery of the MCH receptor (MCHR).
  • To discuss the impact of MCHR identification on understanding MCH system functions.
  • To explore MCH's roles in feeding, stress, and emotion.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of the G protein-coupled MCH receptor (MCHR) in 1999.
  • Structural analysis of MCHR to reveal MCH-MCHR interaction domains.
  • Cloning of MCHR to determine in vivo sites of MCH action.

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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  • Development of surrogate molecules to block MCH activity.

    • Main Results:

    • MCHR discovery elucidated in vivo sites of MCH action.
    • Structural studies revealed functional domains for MCH-MCHR binding.
    • Surrogate molecules enabled investigation of MCH's physiological roles.
    • MCH system implicated in feeding, stress, and emotional regulation.

    Conclusions:

    • MCHR discovery was pivotal for MCH system research.
    • Understanding MCHR structure and signaling is crucial.
    • MCH system plays diverse physiological roles beyond feeding.
    • Future research on MCHR pathways and expression patterns is warranted.