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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Recently discovered T cell subsets cannot keep their commitments.

Terry B Strom1, Maria Koulmanda

  • 1Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Transplant Institute, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. tstrom@bidmc.harvard.edu

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Resting CD4(+) T cells differentiate into distinct phenotypes like Th1 and Th2 cells, which are terminally differentiated. However, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells are not terminally differentiated and adapt to their inflammatory environment.

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Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice
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Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD4(+) T cells differentiate into various functional phenotypes after activation.
  • Th1 and Th2 cells are considered terminally differentiated phenotypes.
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells are newly discovered phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific and therapeutic implications of distinct CD4(+) T cell phenotypes.
  • To differentiate between terminally differentiated and non-terminally differentiated T cell subsets.
  • To highlight the plasticity of Tregs and Th17 cells in response to inflammatory cues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological studies on T cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of molecular and functional characteristics of Th1, Th2, Tregs, and Th17 cells.
  • Comparison of differentiation pathways and plasticity of CD4(+) T cell subsets.

Main Results:

  • Th1 and Th2 cells represent terminally differentiated states.
  • Tregs and Th17 cells are plastic and respond to inflammatory microenvironments.
  • This plasticity influences their roles in tissue protection and destruction.

Conclusions:

  • The plasticity of Tregs and Th17 cells has significant scientific implications.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for developing targeted immunotherapies.
  • Future research should focus on harnessing T cell plasticity for therapeutic benefit.