Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.Plants and Hypotonic EnvironmentsUnlike animal cells,...
Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Under the Cover of Darkness: A Transcriptomic Exploration of Clubroot During the Night.

Plant direct·2026
Same author

The plant endophytic fungus Cyanodermella asteris produces the phytohormone jasmonic acid.

Fungal biology and biotechnology·2026
Same author

Complex Interplay of Auxin Transport, Plant Stress Hormones, and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Aluminum Toxicity Response.

Physiologia plantarum·2026
Same author

Functional characterisation of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling in Physcomitrella.

Plant cell reports·2026
Same author

Secretion-based production of prolyl-hydroxylated human type III collagen in scalable Physcomitrella photobioreactors.

Plant cell reports·2026
Same author

Unveiling the Chemical Space of Astin-Type Peptides in Aster Tataricus, Cyanodermella Asteris, and Talaromyces Islandicus.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
12:18

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

Published on: April 17, 2016

Dead end for auxin conjugates in Physcomitrella?

Jutta Ludwig-Müller1, Eva L Decker, Ralf Reski

  • 1Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Jutta.Ludwig-Mueller@tu-dresden.de

Plant Signaling & Behavior
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Moss GH3 proteins conjugate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Knockout mutants confirm these GH3 proteins regulate IAA conjugate levels in Physcomitrella patens, impacting plant development.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaGH3 genesPhyscomitrella patensauxin metabolismjasmonic acidmoss

More Related Videos

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale
09:41

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example
14:20

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Published on: October 8, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
12:18

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

Published on: April 17, 2016

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale
09:41

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example
14:20

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Published on: October 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Auxin homeostasis is crucial for plant development, regulated by complex metabolic pathways.
  • GH3 proteins are known auxin conjugate synthetases in Arabidopsis thaliana, but their roles in other plant species are less understood.
  • Investigating GH3 function in the moss Physcomitrella patens can reveal conserved or divergent roles in auxin metabolism in lower land plants.

Discussion:

  • The study demonstrates that Physcomitrella patens GH3 proteins exhibit in vitro activity in synthesizing amino acid conjugates of both indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA).
  • This suggests a dual role for these enzymes, potentially linking hormonal signaling pathways.
  • The findings are discussed in the context of the evolutionary significance and functional implications of IAA conjugate formation in early land plant lineages.

Key Insights:

  • Both characterized moss GH3 proteins successfully formed amino acid conjugates with IAA and JA in vitro.
  • Analysis of single and double knockout mutants revealed significantly reduced levels of IAA conjugates compared to wild-type moss.
  • This provides genetic evidence for the in vivo function of these GH3 proteins in regulating auxin conjugate levels in Physcomitrella patens.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise physiological roles of IAA and JA conjugation in moss development and stress responses.
  • Comparative studies with other plant groups could illuminate the evolution of GH3 enzyme function and hormone metabolism across the plant kingdom.
  • Understanding these pathways may offer insights into manipulating plant growth and development through hormonal regulation.