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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)
11:38

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Published on: May 10, 2016

High-throughput toxicology: practical considerations.

D G Robertson1, S J Bulera

  • 1Department of Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1047, USA. donald.robertson@wl.com

Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomics and metabonomics offer rapid toxicity screening for novel drugs. Further standardization and distinguishing adaptive responses are needed for routine toxicologist use.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Biotechnology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Accelerated drug development requires faster toxicity screening methods.
  • Genomics and metabonomics present novel approaches for comprehensive toxicity evaluation.
  • Current methods face challenges in standardization and distinguishing adaptive responses from toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of genomics and metabonomics for rapid toxicity screening.
  • To discuss the challenges and future directions for these novel technologies in drug development.
  • To highlight the evolving role of toxicologists in the face of new technological demands.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing genomics for comprehensive toxicity evaluation from single samples.
  • Employing (1)H-NMR based metabonomics for rapid peripheral sample analysis.
  • Evaluating in vivo toxicity through higher-throughput methods.

Main Results:

  • Both genomics and metabonomics show promise for high-throughput toxicity assessment.
  • Distinguishing adaptive biological responses from actual toxicity remains a challenge for both techniques.
  • Lack of standardization currently limits the routine application of these novel approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Genomics and metabonomics are promising but require further development for routine toxicological assessment.
  • Addressing standardization and differentiating adaptive effects are crucial for technology adoption.
  • The integration of these technologies necessitates an evolution in the toxicologist's role to ensure quality and speed in drug discovery.