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Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

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Published on: July 8, 2019

Bacterial ribosome structure: approaching atomic resolution.

¹Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.

Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development

|August 4, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New atomic structures of bacterial ribosomes, determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, are advancing our understanding of protein biosynthesis mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

Structural biology
Molecular biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Bacterial ribosomes are essential for protein biosynthesis.
Understanding ribosome structure is key to deciphering cellular mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To detail recent advancements in determining bacterial ribosome structures.
To highlight the integration of structural and biochemical data for mechanism elucidation.

Main Methods:

X-ray crystallography of bacterial ribosomal subunits (16S and 23S rRNA).
Cryo-electron microscopy of Escherichia coli ribosomes in various functional states.
Integration of existing biochemical data.

Main Results:

Near-complete atomic structures of 16S and 23S rRNA from thermophilic and halophilic ribosomes are available.
Cryo-EM studies provide high-resolution structures of E. coli ribosomes.
Data integration promises significant insights.

Conclusions:

Rapid progress in structural determination is revolutionizing ribosome research.
Combined structural and biochemical data will lead to a quantum leap in understanding protein biosynthesis.