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Related Concept Videos

Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
Upstream Processing01:27

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Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
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Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation
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Novel technology to improve pharmaceutical productivity.

R Krebs1

  • 1Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Binger Strasse, Postfach 200, D-55216 Ingelheim, Germany. krebs@ing.boehringer-ingelheim.com

Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development
|August 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmaceutical R&D productivity is shifting due to high-throughput screening and data management. Organizational changes and teamwork are crucial for future success and overcoming limitations in drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Information Technology in R&D
  • Organizational Management

Background:

  • Literature review from 1997-1998 indicates a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical discovery.
  • Increased data volume necessitates advanced information technology solutions for R&D efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline progress in pharmaceutical R&D productivity.
  • To discuss future directions and limitations in enhancing R&D efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications from late 1997 to end of 1998.
  • Analysis of key factors influencing pharmaceutical R&D productivity.

Main Results:

  • Combined use of high-throughput screening systems is a key factor.
  • Information technology is central to driving R&D efficiency.
  • Organizational structures and teamwork are increasingly important.

Conclusions:

  • The pharmaceutical industry is evolving its discovery process.
  • Future R&D productivity depends on technological integration, organizational adaptation, and collaborative efforts.
  • Addressing limitations requires strategic advancements in these key areas.