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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Endoscopic approaches to the orbit: a cadaveric study.

B Düz¹, H Ibrahim Secer, E Gonul

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy (GATA), TR-06018 Etlik, Ankara, Turkey. bulentduz@gmail.com

Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : MIN

|August 4, 2009

Summary

This study details three endoscopic orbital approaches for skull base surgery: inferolateral, endonasal medial, and transcranial keyhole. These endoscopic techniques offer minimally invasive access to orbital structures and the anterior cranial fossa.

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Ophthalmology
Anatomy

Background:

Endoscopic management of anterior cranial fossa and skull base lesions is increasingly utilized.
This study explores endoscopic techniques for orbital access.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and describe endoscopic surgical approaches to the orbit.
To evaluate the utility and safety of these endoscopic orbital approaches.

Main Methods:

An endoscopic anatomic study was performed on 10 formalin-fixed cadaveric orbits.
Vascular structures were perfused with colored latex and silicone.
Dissections utilized rigid endoscopes with 0- and 30-degree lenses.

Main Results:

Three endoscopic orbital approaches were identified: inferolateral (IL-EOA), endonasal medial (EEM-OA), and transcranial keyhole (TCK-EOA).

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

IL-EOA provides temporal compartment access; EEM-OA offers medial orbital and optic nerve access; TCK-EOA allows superior orbital and optic nerve visualization.

Conclusions:

The inferolateral endoscopic orbital approach (IL-EOA) offers excellent temporal exposure but requires careful preservation of ciliary structures.
The endoscopic endonasal medial orbital approach (EEM-OA) provides direct, minimally invasive access to the medial orbit and optic nerve, avoiding intracranial complications.
The transcranial keyhole endoscopic orbital approach (TCK-EOA) enables superior visualization of the orbit and optic nerve, suitable for tumors extending to the anterior cranial fossa.