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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Migraine.

Silvia Benemei1, Paola Nicoletti, Jay G Capone

  • 1Centre for the Study of Headache and Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|August 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New migraine treatments target calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by blocking its receptors. These CGRP receptor antagonists offer a promising advancement for managing this debilitating neurovascular disorder, though research continues on their precise mechanisms.

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Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
05:40

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Published on: July 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Migraine is a prevalent neurovascular disorder causing severe disability, with no definitive cure.
  • Current treatments offer symptomatic or prophylactic relief but advancements are needed.
  • Understanding trigeminovascular system neurobiology has led to novel therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the development of novel molecules targeting the trigeminovascular system for migraine treatment.
  • To investigate the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology.
  • To assess the efficacy and mechanisms of CGRP receptor antagonists in migraine.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on the neurobiological and pharmacological understanding of trigeminal primary sensory neurons.
  • Development of molecules that specifically target the activation of the trigeminovascular system.
  • Investigating the action of novel antagonists blocking the CGRP receptor.

Main Results:

  • Novel antagonists targeting the CGRP receptor have been developed.
  • These antagonists block the action of CGRP, a neuropeptide involved in cranial vasodilation.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying the antimigraine effects of these antagonists are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • CGRP receptor antagonists represent a significant advancement in migraine treatment.
  • Targeting the trigeminovascular system offers a new therapeutic strategy.
  • Further research is ongoing to elucidate the full therapeutic potential and mechanisms of CGRP antagonists.