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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Divalent E(0) compounds (E = Si-Sn).

Nozomi Takagi1, Takayasu Shimizu1, Gernot Frenking1

  • 1Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6421-282-5566.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum-chemical calculations reveal divalent E(0) compounds (E=Si, Ge, Sn) featuring strong donor-acceptor interactions. These novel compounds exhibit high proton affinities and can stabilize Lewis acids and transition metal complexes.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

  • Divalent silicon, germanium, and tin compounds are of significant interest.
  • Understanding their electronic structure and bonding is crucial for developing new materials and catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic structure and bonding of divalent E(0) compounds (E = Si, Ge, Sn) with cyclic ylidene ligands.
  • To explore the potential of these compounds as ligands for Lewis acids and transition metals.

Main Methods:

  • Quantum-chemical calculations using the BP86/TZVPP level of theory.
  • Analysis of bonding through donor-acceptor interactions (L --> E <-- L).

Main Results:

  • Compounds are classified as divalent E(0) species with strong sigma-donor properties.
  • High second proton affinities and ability to bind Lewis acids (e.g., BH(3)) were predicted.
  • High bond dissociation energies (BDEs) in transition metal complexes suggest strong ligand behavior, exceeding that of CO in some cases.

Conclusions:

  • The studied EL(2) compounds represent a new class of stable divalent E(0) species.
  • Their strong donor capabilities make them promising ligands in coordination chemistry and organometallic catalysis.
  • Theoretical predictions indicate potential for isolation and application in condensed phases.