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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Primary hyperparathyroidism with breast carcinoma.

Yuko Tanaka1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan. choshi_sai_yuu@k6.dion.ne.jp

Breast Cancer (Tokyo, Japan)
|August 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) was found in 2.88% of breast carcinoma (BC) patients with hypercalcemia, a rate significantly higher than expected. This suggests pHPT should be considered in BC patients with elevated calcium levels.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia is a frequent complication of breast carcinoma (BC).
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) shares demographic similarities with BC, potentially masking its presence.
  • Asymptomatic pHPT is unexpectedly common in BC patients experiencing hypercalcemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) in breast carcinoma (BC) patients presenting with hypercalcemia.
  • To evaluate the clinical significance of underlying pHPT in the context of BC management.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of medical records for 243 patients who underwent surgery for primary BC without bone metastases.
  • Measurement of corrected serum calcium levels in all patients.
  • Focused investigation of pHPT in ten patients with corrected serum calcium above 11.0 mg/dl.

Main Results:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) was diagnosed in 7 out of 243 breast carcinoma (BC) patients (2.88%).
  • Five of the diagnosed pHPT patients required surgical intervention.
  • Pathological examination confirmed parathyroid adenoma in all surgically treated patients.

Conclusions:

  • The incidence of pHPT in BC patients with hypercalcemia (2.88%) significantly exceeds the general population rate (0.04-0.08%).
  • This finding underscores the importance of screening for pHPT in BC patients with hypercalcemia.
  • Further investigation is warranted to understand the association between pHPT and BC treatment.