Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 21, 2026

High-speed Video Microscopy Analysis for First-line Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Published on: January 19, 2022
[Primary ciliary dyskinesia]
M Raos1, S Bela-Klancir, S Dodig
1Specijalna bolnica za bolesti disnog sustava djece i mladezi Srebrnjak, Zagreb.
Abstract:
The immotile cilia syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by chronic disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract, male infertility and situs viscerum inversus in 50% of affected patients. Abnormalities of ciliary structure are the cause of abnormalities in mucociliary clearance and chronic inflammation consecutively. The boy aged 13 years with clinical manifestations (chronic rhinorrhea, sinuitis, recurrent otitis media, recurrent bronchial inflammation, pneumonia and finally bronchiectasis) has been presented. The boy had a normal visceral status. The diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy analysis of cross section of bronchial cilia: numerous abnormalities in microtubules positioning and lack of radiar arms have been found.
Related Concept Videos
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

