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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview01:16

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named Schiff bases after its discoverer—the German chemist Hugo Schiff. On the other hand, secondary amines react with carbonyl compounds to give enamines. In enamines, the presence of a C=C double bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom leads to the delocalization of the lone pair.
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism01:23

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Alpha-iminocarboxamidato nickel complexes.

Brycelyn M Boardman1, Guillermo C Bazan

  • 1Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new nickel-based catalysts for advanced polyolefin synthesis. These catalysts enable controlled polymerization of ethylene and functional monomers, creating novel branched and block copolymers with tailored properties.

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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polyolefins are versatile macromolecules with applications ranging from everyday plastics to high-performance materials.
  • Current industrial polymerization methods have limitations in achieving specific polymer targets, such as living copolymerization of ethylene with polar functional monomers.
  • Efficient chemical resource management is crucial given the large scale of polyolefin production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the chemistry of alpha-iminocarboxamidato complexes of nickel as novel polymerization catalysts.
  • To develop new metal/catalyst systems for controlled synthesis of polyolefins and functional copolymers.
  • To investigate the potential of these catalysts for creating advanced polymer architectures and managing chemical resources.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and activation of alpha-iminocarboxamidato nickel complexes.
  • Utilizing zwitterionic nickel species for tandem catalysis to produce branched polyethylene.
  • Employing neutral nickel initiators for controlled copolymerization of ethylene with functional monomers.

Main Results:

  • Zwitterionic nickel systems enabled living-like polymerization of ethylene, yielding branched polyethylene via multiple active sites.
  • Neutral nickel initiators facilitated controlled synthesis of ethylene-based copolymers with polar functionalities.
  • Access to higher-order polymer architectures, including block, tapered, and pseudo-tetrablock copolymers, was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Alpha-iminocarboxamidato nickel complexes offer a versatile platform for controlled polyolefin synthesis.
  • These catalysts provide access to polymers not readily available through existing methods, addressing limitations in current industrial practices.
  • Emerging applications, particularly in graft copolymer synthesis, highlight the potential of this catalytic system.