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Related Concept Videos

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Entropy01:18

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics01:23

Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

Ludwig Edward Boltzmann developed a definition for entropy, which stated that absolute entropy is proportional to the natural logarithm of the number of possible combinations of particles. Entropy stands alone among state functions as the only one whose absolute values can be determined.Consider a gas sample confined to a container. As the container expands, the energy levels of gas molecules become more closely spaced. This increases the number of available energy states, thereby increasing...
Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Nonuniversal nonequilibrium critical dynamics with disorder.

M D Grynberg1, G L Rossini, R B Stinchcombe

  • 1Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study explores disorder reaction-diffusion processes in one dimension. Findings reveal nonuniversal dynamic exponents and stretched exponential scaling, confirmed by numerical and analytical methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Reaction-diffusion processes are fundamental in various scientific fields.
  • Disorder introduces complexity, affecting system dynamics.
  • Understanding finite-size scaling is crucial for predicting macroscopic behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate finite-size scaling in one-dimensional disorder reaction-diffusion systems.
  • To analyze the impact of disorder on dynamic exponents and scaling forms.
  • To compare numerical and analytical approaches for studying these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations averaging spectrum gap of evolution operators.
  • Analytical techniques mapping equations of motion to first-passage time processes.
  • Exploration of finite-size scaling aspects.

Main Results:

  • Both numerical and analytical methods yield consistent results.
  • Evidence of nonuniversal dynamic exponents observed.
  • Stretched exponential scaling forms identified for specific disorder realizations.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the validity of both numerical and analytical approaches.
  • Findings contribute to understanding complex dynamics in disordered systems.
  • Results provide insights into scaling behaviors of reaction-diffusion processes.