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Related Concept Videos

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis01:22

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
Biological samples, such as  cells...
Electrophoresis: Overview01:20

Electrophoresis: Overview

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
There...
DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis02:35

DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique commonly used to separate DNA fragments by size. However, it can also be used to isolate and purify DNA fragments using a gel extraction protocol.
Gel extraction follows five major steps: running gel electrophoresis to separate fragments, isolating the individual bands, extracting DNA from those bands, and removing the dye and salts from the extracted mixture to obtain pure DNA.
In cloning experiments, both the insert and vector DNA...
SDS-PAGE01:27

SDS-PAGE

Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
A variation of gel electrophoresis, termed  polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is commonly used for separating proteins according to their molecular size by passing them through a polyacrylamide gel. Because of the varying charges associated with amino acid side chains, PAGE can be used to separate intact proteins...
Southern Blot02:57

Southern Blot

Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside the sample helps determine the approximate length of the sample DNA fragments. However, additional steps are needed to verify the sequence identity of the sample DNA fragments.
Denatured DNA fragments must be transferred onto a carrier membrane from the gel to make it accessible to a probe - a small ssDNA fragment complementary to the target DNA...
DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)
11:35

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)

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DNA electrophoresis in a sparse ordered post array.

Jia Ou1, Jaeseol Cho, Daniel W Olson

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA electrophoresis in microfluidic devices is significantly impacted by electric-field gradients. These gradients cause frequent DNA collisions with posts, crucial for separation, contrary to previous uniform-field models.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Microfluidics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Electrophoresis is a key technique for separating DNA molecules.
  • Microfluidic devices with post arrays are designed for DNA manipulation.
  • Previous models often assumed uniform electric fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrophoresis of long DNA in a hexagonal post array under a strong electric field.
  • To understand the role of electric field gradients in DNA transport and collisions within microfluidic devices.
  • To reconcile experimental observations with theoretical models of DNA behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of DNA mobility and dispersivity.
  • Videomicroscopy to observe DNA-post interactions.
  • Brownian dynamics simulations incorporating electric field gradients.

Main Results:

  • DNA molecules frequently collide with posts in the hexagonal array.
  • Observed collisions contradict findings from previous studies using uniform electric fields.
  • Simulations confirm that non-uniform electric fields drive these essential collisions.

Conclusions:

  • Electric-field gradients are critical for DNA transport and separation in microfluidic post arrays.
  • Accurate modeling of DNA electrophoresis requires accounting for electric-field non-uniformities.
  • This study highlights the importance of considering field gradients in microfluidic device design and analysis.