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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

Published on: June 28, 2015

Tensor temperature and shock-wave stability in a strong two-dimensional shock wave.

Wm G Hoover¹, Carol G Hoover

¹Ruby Valley Research Institute, Highway Contract 60, Box 598, Ruby Valley, Nevada 89833, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|August 8, 2009

Summary

This study on shock waves found that a particle-based kinetic temperature definition best captures anisotropy. Strong two-dimensional shock waves remain stable, even with perturbations.

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Area of Science:

Thermodynamics
Fluid Dynamics
Computational Physics

Background:

Understanding temperature anisotropy is crucial for accurately modeling shock waves.
Conventional methods for defining kinetic temperature can be problematic in non-equilibrium systems like shock waves.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate temperature anisotropy in strong two-dimensional shock waves.
To evaluate different definitions of kinetic temperature for shock wave simulations.
To assess the stability of two-dimensional planar shock waves.

Main Methods:

Simulations using conventional molecular dynamics.
Analysis of various kinetic temperature definitions, including a local particle-based approach.
Examination of configurational temperature behavior.
Study of the decay of sinusoidal shock-front perturbations.

Main Results:

A local particle-based kinetic temperature definition, excluding self-contributions, proved most effective.
Configurational temperature was found to be unsuitable due to shear instability and potential for negative local temperatures.
Strong two-dimensional planar shock waves demonstrated stability against sinusoidal perturbations.

Conclusions:

The choice of kinetic temperature definition significantly impacts the analysis of shock wave phenomena.
Configurational temperature is not a reliable measure in this context.
Two-dimensional planar shock waves exhibit inherent stability.