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Related Concept Videos

Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme
Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis
11:08

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: June 19, 2018

Backtracking and proofreading in DNA transcription.

Margaritis Voliotis1, Netta Cohen, Carmen Molina-París

  • 1School of Computing, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Cellular RNA accuracy is vital. A new microscopic model explains how RNA polymerase backtracking and cleavage correct transcription errors, matching observed in vivo error rates.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis
11:08

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: June 19, 2018

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms
09:30

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Published on: September 13, 2018

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 29, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Accurate RNA sequencing is essential for biological cell function.
  • High spontaneous error rates during transcription necessitate robust error correction mechanisms.
  • RNA polymerase backtracking coupled with RNA cleavage is a key transcriptional error correction strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microscopic model of the RNA polymerase backtracking and cleavage error correction mechanism.
  • To investigate the dynamics of this editing process based on recent experimental data.
  • To assess if the proposed model can explain observed in vivo RNA error frequencies.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microscopic computational model for RNA polymerase backtracking and cleavage.
  • Analysis of the model's dynamics to simulate the error correction process.
  • Comparison of model-derived error frequencies with experimental in vivo observations.

Main Results:

  • The microscopic model successfully captures the dynamics of RNA polymerase backtracking and cleavage.
  • The model demonstrates that this editing mechanism can significantly reduce transcriptional errors.
  • Simulated error frequencies align with those observed in biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • The presented microscopic model provides a mechanistic explanation for transcriptional error correction via RNA polymerase backtracking and cleavage.
  • This mechanism is crucial for maintaining RNA sequence fidelity in living cells.
  • The model's agreement with experimental data validates its predictive power for cellular transcription accuracy.