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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Multiple nuclear polarization States in a double quantum dot.

J Danon1, I T Vink, F H L Koppens

  • 1Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We observed stable nuclear polarization states in a double quantum dot using electron spin resonance. A theoretical model explains these states and enables precise control of nuclear fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Nuclear polarization is crucial for quantum information processing.
  • Understanding polarization dynamics in quantum dots is essential for device applications.
  • Electron spin resonance (ESR) is a key technique for probing spin states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate stable nuclear polarization states in a double quantum dot.
  • To develop a theoretical model explaining observed polarization phenomena.
  • To explore applications in nuclear field manipulation and control.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of nuclear polarization in a double quantum dot.
  • Application of electron spin resonance (ESR) under strong driving conditions.
  • Development and application of an elaborated theoretical rate equation model.

Main Results:

  • Observation of multiple stable nuclear polarization states over a wide field range.
  • Successful explanation of polarization dynamics using a theoretical rate equation model.
  • The model accounts for unusual features like fast switching and reversed polarization sign.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates controllable nuclear polarization in double quantum dots.
  • The developed theoretical model accurately describes the observed phenomena.
  • These findings pave the way for precise manipulation and control of nuclear fields.