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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Environmental pollutants like...
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Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
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Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
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Yessotoxins: a toxicological overview.

A Tubaro1, V Dell'ovo, S Sosa

  • 1Department of Materials and Natural Resources, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy. tubaro@units.it

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Yessotoxins (YTXs), algal toxins found in shellfish, primarily impact cardiac cells in mice, differing from diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Further research is needed to understand their mechanisms and chronic toxicity in humans.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Toxicology
  • Phycology

Background:

  • Yessotoxins (YTXs) are polycyclic ether compounds from dinoflagellates, accumulating in shellfish and posing a risk through seafood consumption.
  • Initially grouped with Diarrhetic Shellfish (DS) toxins, YTXs exhibit distinct biological activities, lacking diarrheogenic effects and recently classified separately.
  • YTXs are potent marine toxins with significant implications for public health and food safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of YTXs' in vivo toxicity and in vitro effects.
  • To highlight the distinct toxicological profile of YTXs compared to traditional DS toxins.
  • To identify knowledge gaps regarding YTXs' mechanisms of action, chronic toxicity, and pharmacokinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on YTXs' toxicity.
  • Analysis of in vivo studies involving animal models (mice) via different administration routes (intraperitoneal, oral).
  • Examination of in vitro studies detailing cellular and molecular effects of YTXs.

Main Results:

  • Yessotoxin (YTX), homoyessotoxin, and 45-hydroxy-homoyessotoxin are lethal in mice after intraperitoneal injection and cause cardiac muscle cell ultrastructural changes after oral exposure.
  • Di-desulfo-yessotoxin specifically targets the liver and pancreas, inducing fatty degeneration.
  • In vitro, YTX influences intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP levels, cytoskeletal components, and mitochondrial function.

Conclusions:

  • YTXs represent a unique class of algal toxins with specific organ targets, primarily cardiac muscle, and distinct from DS toxins.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying YTXs' cardiac effects and their long-term toxicity remain largely unelucidated.
  • Further research into YTXs' pharmacokinetics and chronic toxicity is crucial for accurate risk assessment and human health protection.