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Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Does negative auto-regulation increase gene duplicability?

Tobias Warnecke¹, Guang-Zhong Wang, Martin J Lercher

¹Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK. T.Warnecke@bath.ac.uk

BMC Evolutionary Biology

|August 12, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Negative auto-regulation does not enhance gene duplicability. Studies in E. coli and S. cerevisiae found no evidence that genes with negative feedback mechanisms are more likely to duplicate or contribute to gene family size variability.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Gene duplication is essential for evolution but often limited by dosage sensitivity.
Negative auto-regulation can theoretically buffer gene dosage changes, allowing duplicated genes to persist.
This study investigates if negative auto-regulation enhances gene duplicability.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the hypothesis that genes with negative auto-regulation exhibit increased duplicability.
To analyze the relationship between negative auto-regulation and gene family size variation.

Main Methods:

Analysis of transcriptional networks in E. coli and S. cerevisiae.
Statistical testing controlling for known duplicability correlates.

Main Results:

No statistically significant evidence was found supporting enhanced duplicability for genes under negative auto-regulation in either species.
Transcription factors with negative auto-regulation did not show a duplicability advantage over those without.

Conclusions:

Negative auto-regulation does not appear to be a significant factor promoting gene duplication on a genome-wide scale in E. coli and S. cerevisiae.
The variability in gene family sizes in these organisms is not explained by negative auto-regulation.