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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Isolation of Viral Replication Compartment-enriched Sub-nuclear Fractions from Adenovirus-infected Normal Human Cells
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DNA makes RNA makes innate immunity.

Luke A J O'Neill1

  • 1School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. laoneill@tcd.ie

Cell
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Cytosolic DNA triggers innate immunity and interferon-beta (IFN-beta) production. Researchers identified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III as the key sensor linking microbial DNA in the host cell cytosol to this immune response.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Microbial DNA in the host cell cytosol activates innate immune responses.
  • Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a key cytokine in antiviral and antibacterial immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the cytosolic DNA sensor responsible for initiating the innate immune response.
  • To elucidate the mechanism linking microbial DNA detection to IFN-beta production.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved cell-based assays to detect IFN-beta production upon stimulation with microbial DNA.
  • Techniques such as RNA interference or genetic knockouts may have been used to identify the DNA sensor.
  • Western blotting or ELISA could have been employed to measure IFN-beta levels.

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In Vitro Selection of Aptamers to Differentiate Infectious from Non-Infectious Viruses
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Main Results:

  • Cytosolic DNA triggers the production of interferon-beta (IFN-beta).
  • DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III was identified as the sensor for cytosolic microbial DNA.
  • This sensor links the presence of pathogenic bacterial and viral DNA in the cytosol to IFN-beta production and innate immunity.

Conclusions:

  • DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III acts as a crucial sensor for cytosolic DNA.
  • This sensing mechanism is vital for initiating the innate immune response against microbial infections.
  • The findings provide a molecular basis for how the host cell detects intracellular microbial DNA and activates immune signaling pathways.