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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...
Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.Plants and Hypotonic EnvironmentsUnlike animal cells,...
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

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Related Experiment Videos

Limonoids from Khaya ivorensis.

Bo Zhang1, Sheng-Ping Yang, Sheng Yin

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Phytochemistry
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers isolated four new limonoids and 12 known ones from Khaya ivorensis stems. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the structures of these natural compounds, expanding knowledge of plant-derived chemical diversity.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Khaya ivorensis is a tropical tree species known for its rich phytochemical profile.
  • Limonoids are a class of terpenoids found in plants, often exhibiting diverse biological activities.
  • Previous research has identified various compounds from Khaya species, highlighting their potential as sources of novel molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize novel limonoids from the stems of Khaya ivorensis.
  • To elucidate the chemical structures of isolated compounds using advanced spectroscopic techniques.
  • To contribute to the understanding of the chemical diversity within the Khaya genus.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of secondary metabolites from Khaya ivorensis stem material.
  • Chromatographic separation techniques (e.g., column chromatography) for isolating individual compounds.
  • Spectroscopic analysis, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), for structure elucidation.

Main Results:

  • Isolation of four new limonoids: 1-O-deacetyl-6-deoxykhayanolide E (1), 1-O-deacetyl-2 alpha-hydroxykhayanolide E (2), 3-acetyl-khayalactone (3), and 11 alpha-acetoxy-2 alpha-hydroxy-6-deoxy-destigloylswietenine acetate (4).
  • Identification of 12 known limonoids co-occurring with the new compounds.
  • Confirmation of the proposed structures through comprehensive spectroscopic data interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified and characterized four new limonoid compounds from Khaya ivorensis stems.
  • The findings expand the known chemical constituents of Khaya ivorensis, underscoring its importance as a source of structurally diverse natural products.
  • This research provides valuable data for further investigations into the biological activities and potential applications of these limonoids.