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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger theirĀ  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

Retrotransposon overdose and genome integrity.

Lisa Z Scheifele1, Gregory J Cost, Margaret L Zupancic

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and High Throughput Biology Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
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Retrotransposon overdose strains in yeast show increased DNA damage sensitivity. DNA replication errors exacerbate this, leading to genome instability and chromosomal aberrations, highlighting replication

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Yeast Biology

Background:

  • Genomes contain dispersed repeats like retrotransposons, posing challenges to genome stability.
  • Mechanisms maintaining genome structure against repeat rearrangement are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate genome stability in yeast with increased retrotransposon copy numbers.
  • To identify factors influencing DNA damage sensitivity in retrotransposon-overloaded yeast.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and characterization of "retrotransposon overdose" (RO) yeast lineages with amplified Ty1 elements.
  • Assessment of growth rates and DNA damage sensitivity in RO strains.
  • Identification of DNA replication mutants enhancing RO-specific DNA damage sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • RO strains with up to 10-fold more Ty1 elements exhibit normal growth but heightened sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents.
  • Mutants in the DNA replication pathway enhance RO-specific sensitivity by promoting ectopic recombination between Ty1 elements.
  • Disruption of DNA replication causes severe genome instability, including chromosomal aberrations.

Conclusions:

  • Increased retrotransposon copy number can lead to intrinsic DNA damage supersensitivity.
  • Accurate DNA replication is crucial for stabilizing repetitive DNA elements.
  • Replication pathway defects exacerbate genome instability in the context of retrotransposon amplification.