Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...

Immunological Memory

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Evidence of Spin-Interference Effects in Exclusive J/ψ→e^{+}e^{-} Photoproduction in Ultraperipheral Heavy-Ion Collisions.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

First Observation of Deuteron-Λ Correlations at RHIC.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Observation of Charmonium Sequential Suppression in Heavy-Ion Collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Energy Independence of the Collins Asymmetry in p^{↑}p Collisions.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging-based predictive modelling for surgical outcomes in patients with Chiari malformation type 1 with syringomyelia: a machine learning study.

Clinical radiology·2025

Same author

Retraction Note: MiR-15a-3p suppresses the growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer cell by targeting Twist1.

European review for medical and pharmacological sciences·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Serial combination therapy: is immune modulation in multiple sclerosis enhanced by initial immune suppression?

A Bar-Or¹, J Oger, E Gibbs

¹Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. amit.bar-or@mcgill.ca

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)

|August 12, 2009

Summary

Initial immune suppression with mitoxantrone followed by glatiramer acetate (GA) therapy enhanced multiple sclerosis treatment. However, this combination showed decreased, not increased, immune modulation, challenging previous therapeutic assumptions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Neuroimmunology
Pharmacology

Background:

The combination of immune suppression and immune modulation is a promising strategy for autoimmune diseases.
Brief mitoxantrone induction followed by glatiramer acetate (GA) showed greater efficacy in reducing multiple sclerosis (MS) activity compared to GA alone.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if the enhanced efficacy of mitoxantrone-GA combination therapy in MS is linked to improved immune modulation.
To examine the in vivo immune response, specifically IgG1/IgG4 GA-reactive antibody profiles, in patients receiving combination therapy versus GA alone.

Main Methods:

Prospective measurement of IgG1/IgG4 GA-reactive antibody profiles in patients with MS.
Comparison of antibody profiles between patients treated with GA alone and those receiving mitoxantrone induction followed by GA.

Main Results:

Glatiramer acetate (GA) alone induced a significant increase in IgG4 antibodies and reversed the IgG1/IgG4 ratio.
The mitoxantrone-GA combination therapy resulted in less IgG4 induction and no reversal of the IgG1/IgG4 ratio.
Enhanced efficacy of the combination therapy was associated with decreased, not increased, immune modulation as measured by the IgG1/IgG4 profile.

Conclusions:

The study provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying combination therapy for autoimmune diseases like MS.
The findings suggest that the therapeutic benefit of mitoxantrone-GA is not mediated by enhanced Th2 immune deviation.
Results inform future therapeutic strategies for MS and other autoimmune conditions.