Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

DNA methylation reprogramming in marsupial embryos is restricted to the extraembryonic lineage.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

The Cancer Immunotherapy Thromboembolism Assessment: A Novel Score for Predicting Thromboembolic Events in Melanoma Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibition.

International journal of cancer·2026
Same author

The Impact of Low-Protein Diet on the Molecular and Cellular Development of the Fetal Kidney.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·2026
Same author

Real-world effectiveness and safety with nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone in patients with or without melanoma brain metastasis: Results from the German noninterventional NICO study.

International journal of cancer·2026
Same author

COMBI-EU: Real-World Evidence on Adverse Event Management and Time on Therapy with Adjuvant Dabrafenib Plus Trametinib in Patients with BRAF V600-Mutant Melanoma.

Cancers·2026
Same author

Disruption of tRNA threonylation triggers RIG-I mediated anti-tumour immune response.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Incoming US science academy chief vows to 'double down' on research.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Author Correction: Synthesis of enantioenriched atropisomers by biocatalytic deracemization.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Electrodeposited self-assembled molecules for perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Neutrino's nursery found: the 'Shadow Blaster'.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Dementia risk in middle-aged people linked to a blood protein.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Daily briefing: What's really happening with trust in science.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
08:25

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Published on: April 3, 2012

Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into iPS cells.

Jochen Utikal1, Jose M Polo, Matthias Stadtfeld

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Nature
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is accelerated by overcoming senescence. Loss of the Arf-Trp53 pathway enhances iPS cell generation efficiency and kinetics.

More Related Videos

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
08:14

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors
09:45

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Published on: January 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
08:25

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Published on: April 3, 2012

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
08:14

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors
09:45

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Published on: January 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Stem cell biology
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is inefficient and slow.
  • Senescence, a state of replicative arrest, impedes reprogramming efficiency.
  • The specific barriers to efficient reprogramming remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cellular senescence and the Arf-Trp53 pathway in somatic cell reprogramming.
  • To identify factors that enhance the efficiency and kinetics of iPS cell generation.
  • To elucidate the relationship between cellular immortality and pluripotency acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized primary murine fibroblasts and immortalized cell lines.
  • Manipulated the expression of p19(Arf) and components of the Arf-Trp53 pathway.
  • Assessed iPS cell colony formation efficiency and kinetics.
  • Employed genetic ablation of Trp53 (p53) in specific cell subpopulations.

Main Results:

  • Fibroblasts with low p19(Arf) levels or deficient in the Arf-Trp53 pathway exhibited up to threefold faster reprogramming kinetics and significantly higher efficiency.
  • Acute genetic ablation of Trp53 (p53) rescued the reprogramming ability of otherwise non-reprogrammable cell subpopulations.
  • The acquisition of cellular immortality was identified as a crucial, rate-limiting step for establishing pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • The Arf-Trp53 pathway acts as a significant barrier to efficient somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Overcoming senescence and achieving cellular immortality are critical for enhancing iPS cell generation.
  • Induced pluripotency shares fundamental similarities with tumorigenesis, particularly regarding immortality acquisition.