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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Transmission of Pathogens01:24

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Published on: September 28, 2022

Infection spreading in a population with evolving contacts.

Damián H Zanette1, Sebastián Risau-Gusmán

  • 1Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Río Negro, Argentina. zanette@cab.cnea.gov.ar

Journal of Biological Physics
|August 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A moderate reconnection frequency in networks can suppress infections. Even weak isolation of infected individuals is enough to eliminate the endemic state in epidemiological models.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Network Science
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • The Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model is a fundamental framework for studying infectious disease dynamics.
  • Network structures significantly influence disease transmission patterns.
  • Agent behavior, such as link modification, can alter disease spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dynamic network coevolution on infection spreading within an SIS model.
  • To determine the effectiveness of agent-based link modification (breaking and reconnecting) in controlling epidemics.
  • To assess the threshold for infection suppression based on reconnection frequency and isolation levels.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation of an SIS epidemiological model on a coevolving network.
  • Modeling susceptible agents breaking links with infected agents.
  • Implementing two link-breaking outcomes: permanent removal and reconnection.
  • Analyzing the effect of varying reconnection frequencies and isolation levels on infection prevalence.

Main Results:

  • A moderate frequency of link reconnection among agents is sufficient to completely suppress infection spread.
  • Even partial and weak isolation of infected agents can effectively eliminate the endemic state.
  • The coevolution of the network structure with the infection dynamics plays a crucial role in disease control.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic network adaptation, specifically through link reconnection, offers a potent strategy for epidemic suppression.
  • Targeted, non-stringent isolation measures can be highly effective in eradicating endemic infections in networked populations.
  • The interplay between disease dynamics and network topology is critical for understanding and controlling infectious diseases.