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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

Asthma, a common chronic respiratory condition, is classified considering the frequency and severity of symptoms alongside lung function impairment. Understanding this classification is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Here's a detailed look at the classification of asthma and its clinical features and complications:
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
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Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines

Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines

Theophylline, a member of the methylxanthine class of bronchodilators, has long been used in asthma management. While its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is believed to have multiple effects on various cellular processes.
Theophylline is thought to inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This rise in cAMP and cGMP concentrations stimulates cardiac function,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption

Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption

Published on: July 30, 2016

Melatonin levels and enzymatic antioxidant defense system decrease in blood of patients with bronchial asthma.

N Gumral¹, S Caliskan, F Ozgüner

¹Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. ngumral@gmail.com

Toxicology and Industrial Health

|August 13, 2009

Summary

This study found lower serum melatonin and antioxidant enzyme levels in asthma patients, correlating with reduced respiratory function. These findings suggest a role for oxidative stress in asthma pathogenesis.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption

Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption

Published on: July 30, 2016

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Pulmonology
Oxidative Stress Research

Background:

The exact causes of bronchial asthma (BA) remain unclear.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in BA etiology.
Melatonin (MEL), a pineal gland hormone, possesses antioxidant properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate serum MEL levels and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px]) in BA patients.
To assess the association between these markers and respiratory function tests (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], peak expiratory flow [PEF]).

Main Methods:

Serum MEL levels and erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px activities were measured.
Dynamic lung volumes (FVC, FEV1) and PEF were assessed in 30 BA patients and 30 healthy controls.
Statistical analyses were performed to determine correlations.

Main Results:

Serum MEL levels and erythrocyte SOD activity were significantly lower in BA patients compared to controls.
Respiratory function tests (FVC, FEV1, PEF) were significantly reduced in the BA group.
Positive correlations were found between respiratory function and antioxidant enzyme activities, while PEF showed a negative correlation with MEL levels.

Conclusions:

Decreased serum MEL and antioxidant enzyme levels may contribute to BA.
Impaired respiratory function in BA is associated with reduced antioxidant capacity.
These findings highlight a potential role for oxidative stress and melatonin in asthma.