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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats
07:56

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Published on: April 21, 2017

Does inflammation after stroke affect the developing brain differently than adult brain?

Zinaida S Vexler1, Midori A Yenari

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0663, USA. Zena.Vexler@ucsf.edu

Developmental Neuroscience
|August 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The immature brain exhibits unique inflammatory responses to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and stroke, differing from adult brains. Understanding these age-specific inflammatory mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted treatments for neonatal stroke.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats
07:56

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Published on: April 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The immature brain is highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and stroke.
  • Neuronal cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis and necrosis, differ significantly between immature and adult brains.
  • Inflammation is a key factor in ischemic brain injury, but its role varies with age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the distinct inflammatory responses in the immature brain following cerebral ischemia.
  • To compare inflammatory pathways in immature versus adult brains after stroke.
  • To investigate the implications of these differences for brain repair and plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on inflammatory mechanisms in neonatal and adult stroke.
  • Analysis of age-dependent differences in cellular and molecular inflammatory responses.
  • Discussion of intracellular signaling pathways involved in ischemic injury.

Main Results:

  • The immature brain shows unique inflammatory characteristics, including lower selectin expression and limited leukocyte transmigration.
  • Microglial activation is more rapid in the immature brain, with distinct cytokine and chemokine profiles.
  • Differences in complement pathways and oxidative stress thresholds contribute to varied injury patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Age-specific inflammatory responses significantly impact the pathogenesis and outcome of ischemic brain injury.
  • Understanding these differences is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies for neonatal stroke.
  • Inflammation plays a complex role in both injury and potential repair mechanisms in the developing brain.